Glossary

A

  • AAAL s
  • AAE as

B

  • Back-channels In linguistics, back-channels refer to verbal or non-verbal cues (such as "uh-huh," "yeah," nodding, or brief facial expressions) provided by a listener during a conversation to indicate attentiveness, understanding, or agreement without interrupting the speaker. These signals help facilitate smooth communication by showing active engagement in the dialogue.
  • BigBlueButton BigBlueButton is a purpose-built virtual classroom that empowers teachers to teach and learners to learn.

C

  • Code-switching The practice of alternating between two or more languages, dialects, or language varieties within a single conversation or interaction. Speakers often switch codes to fit the social context, express identity, or accommodate different audiences, reflecting their linguistic and cultural adaptability.

E

  • ELT English Language Teaching

I

  • Integrating Language Skills in EFL/ESL Contexts Refers to teaching the four key language skills—listening, speaking, reading, and writing—together rather than in isolation. In this approach, activities are designed to develop multiple skills simultaneously, reflecting how language is used in real-life communication.

S

  • Students Talk Time Student Talk Time (STT) refers to the amount of time students spend speaking during a classroom activity or lesson. It emphasizes active participation and interaction, encouraging students to practice language skills, express ideas, and engage in discussions, often in contrast to Teacher Talk Time (TTT), which focuses on teacher-led communication. High STT is considered beneficial in language learning environments to promote fluency and confidence.

T

  • Teacher Talk Time Teacher Talk Time (TTT) refers to the amount of time the teacher spends speaking during a lesson or classroom activity. It includes instructions, explanations, and interactions led by the teacher. While necessary for guiding lessons, excessive TTT can limit student engagement and practice opportunities, so a balanced approach with more Student Talk Time (STT) is often encouraged to foster active learning and language development.